Political Consulting in Georgia (qualitative analysis of twenty years experience of multiparty election campaign)
Abstract
The originals of political consulting had been formed event Before Christmas. The preparation for the elections during the election campaign was topical in every era. There always was Advisor Consultant side to side of politician. For the beginning of 1990s in Georgia, after 70 years Soviet governance had been made the first steps on the way of statehood. In the post-Soviet Georgia multiparty, competitive elections gave opportunity political parties to use Western countries experience in the term of political campaign. Transformation of the election campaign model began in a very hard condition, country development perspective, emerged after the independence was outweighed by military operations. In the second half of 1990s there was more stable condition in Georgia; however the fragmentation of the parties and weak institutionalization of party systems was unsolvable problem. The answer on the question – why happened intensive Americanization of political campaign during the “Rose Revolution” is clear: in the conditions where the role of mass media was increasing, the compensation of fragile ideological basis of political parties and weak representation of voters' interests should be carried out through the personalization of politics. In Georgia, like other new democracies the Americanization process of election campaign had been actively implemented. It is noteworthy that personalization of politics and fragile ideological and structural basis of Georgian party system were the main characteristics of the first years of independence. However strengthen of mass media and media technologies played turning role in the term of political campaign transformation. At the initial stage in the Post-Soviet Georgia the task of parties was mobilization of wide mass for demonstration. The comprehensive policy is explicit sign of the election campaign. In the Georgia mediatization of politics had been carried out gradually and reached to the peak during the “Rose Revolution.” In the initial stage of the professionalization of election campaign, the parties apply specialists (consultants) for help only in exceptional cases.References
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Willoughby (eds). Oxford The Clarendon Press.
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The Political Communication Reader. pp. 37 – 41. Retrived 15 December,
2013 http://abs.sagepub.com/content/40/8/1264.refs
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International Study of Innovations in Electoral Campaigning and Their Consequences.
London: Praeger Series.
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in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe. Monthly Review 58(7), pp. 15-29. Retrived 19
September, 2012
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5(3), University of Westminster, London. Retrived 25 September, 2013
http://colorrevolutionsandgeopolitics.blogspot.com/2011/07/template- revolutions-marketing- us.html
39. Welt, C. (2006), Georgia’s Rose Revolution: From Regime Weakeness To Regime Collapse.
Originally prepared for the ,,Waves and Troughs of Post Communist Transitions”
workshop. Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, April 28-29,
2006.
40. Wheatley, J. (2005), Georgia from national awakening to Rose Revolution: delayed transition
in former Soviet Union. Ashgate, Aldershot.
2. შოშიტაშვილი, ნ. (2010). ტელემედიის თავისუფლება და დამოუკიდებლობა პოსტ- რევოლუციურ (2003-2009) საქართველოში. თბილისი. მოძიებული 26 აპრილი, 2015 https://www.tsu.ge/data/file_db/faculty_social_political/soc%20nino%20shoshita.pdf
3. Anable, D. (2006). The Role of Georgia’s media and Westernd aid in the Rose Revolution. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 11(3), pp. 7-43. Retrived 28 January, 2013 http://hij.sagepub.com/content/11/3/7.full.pdf+html
4. Bader, M. (2008). Fluid Party Politics and the Challenge for Democracy Assistance in Georgia. Caucasian Review of International Affairs 2(2). Retrived 18 January, 2015 http://www.cria-online.org/3_3.html
5. Beznosov, M. (2007). Political markets of post-socialism: Anomalous development or evolutionary Trend. ProQuest. Retrived 16 November, 2013 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/265635253_POLITICAL_MARKETS_OF_POST- SOCIALISM_ANOMALOUS_DEVELOPMENT_OR_EVOLUTIONARY_TREND
6. Blumler, J. G. and M. Gurevitch, (2001), ,,Americanization” Reconsidered: U. K. – U.S.
Campaign Communication Comparsions Across Time, pp. 380-403 in W.L. Bennett
and R.M. Entman (eds) Mediated Politics – Communications in the Future of
Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Blumler, J. G. and Kavanagh, D. (1999), The Third Age of Political Communication: Influences
and Feature. Political Communication, (16). pp. 209-230. Retrived 18
February, 2013 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/105846099198596#.VdJA7ibJJuM
8. Boyd-Barrett, J.O. (1977). Media imperialism: Towards an international framework for an
analysis of media systems. In: J. Curran, M. Gurevitc and J. Woollacott (eds.), Mass
communication and Society, pp. 116-135. London: Edward Arnold.
9. Crotty, W. (2006), ,,Party Transformations: The United States and Western Europe,” Katz,
Richard – Crotty, William (Eds), Handbook of Party Politics, Sage Publications,
London.
10. Dawisha, K. and Deets, St. (2006). ,,Intended and Unintended Consequences of Elections in
Russia and Postcommunist States.” Paper Prepared for delivery at the Conference
of Harvard University, Russian Research Center. April 25, 2002.
11. Dobbs, M. (2000), ,,U.S. advice guided Milosevic opposition. Political consultants helped
Yugosalv opposition topple authoritarian leader’s.” In: Polese, A. & O’Beachain,
D. (2011). The Colour Revolution Virus and Authoritarian Antotodes: Political
Protest and Regime Counterattacs in the Post-Communist Spaces,
Demokratizatsiya, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 11-32. Retrived 28 January, 2013
12. Farrell, D. M. (1996). ,,Campaign Strategies and Tactics.” In: Comaring Democracies: Elections
and Voting in Global Perspective, ed. Lawrence LeDuc, Richard G. Niemi, and
Pippa Norris. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
13. Farrell, D., M., Kolodny, R. & Medvic, S. (2001). Parties and Campaign Professionals in a
Digital Age. The Harvard International journal of Press / politics 6:4, pp. 11-
30. Retrived 18 October, 2012 http://hij.sagepub.com/content/6/4/11.abstract
14. Gallagher, M. (2014). Election Indices. Trinity College Dublin. Retrived 22 October, 2014
http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/ElectionIndices.pdf
15.Gibson, R. and Rommele, A. (2001). Changing Campaign Communications: A party-centered
Theory of Professionalised campaigning. Harvard International Journal of Press an Politics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 31-43. Retrived 12 April, 2015 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/249809040_Changing_Campaign_Communications_A_Party- Centered_Theory_of_Professionalized_Campaigning
16. Gurevitch, M. (1999). ,,Whither the Future? Some Aferthoughts,” Political Communication,
16 (3), pp. 281-84
17. Hallin, D., Mancini, P. ,,Americanization, Globalization and secularization” In F. Esser and B.
Pfetsch, (2004). Comparing Political Communication, pp. 25-45. Cambridge
University Press.
18. Holtz-Bacha, C., (2004). ,,Political Campaign Communication: Conditional Convergence of
Modern Media Election.” In: Esser, F., Pfetsch, B. (2004). Comparing Political
Communication: Theories, Cases and Chalenges, pp. 213- 230.Cambridge University
Press. Retrived 6 October, 2013
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10584600600809008?journalCode=upcp20#.VdY0ySbJKG4
19. Kavanagh, D. (1995). Election Campaigning: The New Marketing of Politics. Wiley-Blackwell
20. Kavanagh, D. (1996). New campaign communications: consequences for British political
parties. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics vol. 1; pp. 60-76,
Retrived 8 February, 2013 http://hij.sagepub.com/content/6/4/31.refs
21. Laakso, M. and Taagepera, R. (1979). Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application
to West Europe. Comparative Political Studies 12 (1). Retrived 22
November, 2014
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/241645380_The_Effective_Number_of_Parties_A_Measure_with_Application_to_West_Europe
22. Linz, J. (2002), ,,Parties in Contemporary Democracies: Problems and Paradoxes,” In: Gunther,
R. – Ramon, J. (eds), Political Parties: Old Concepts, New Challenges, Oxford
University Press, Oxford
23. MacKinnon, M. (2007). The New Cold War: Revolutions, Rigged Elections and Pipeline
Politics in the Former Soviet Union. New York: Carroll & Graf Pub.
24. Mancini, P. (1999), New Frontiers in Political Professionalism. Political Communication
(16). Retrived 12 October, 2013
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/105846099198604#.VdRoWRSqpBc
25. Medvic, S. K. (1997), Is There a Spin Doctor in the House? The Impact of Political Consultants
in Congressional Campaigns, Ph.D. Dissertation, Purdue University.
26. Mitchell, L. A., (2012), The Color Revolutions. University of Pennsylvania Press.
27. Nancarrow, C. T. J. & Evans, M. (2004), Polls as Marketing Weapons: Implications for the
Market Research Industry. Journal of Marketing management, 20(5/6).
Retrived 11 May, 2015
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1362/0267257041324016#.VdRs1hSqpB
28. Negrine, R &Papathanassopoulos, S. (1996). The ,,Americanization” of Political
Communication: A Critique. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics,
1:2. Retrived 5 December, 2013 https://www.academia.edu/1944470/The_Americanization_of_Political_Communication_A_Critique
29. Norris, P. (2004, a). ELECTORAL ENGINEERING Voting Rules and Political Behavior.
Cambridge University Press.
30. Norris, P. (2004, b). Political Communications and Democratic Politics. In: Bartle, J. & Dylan,
G. (2004) Political Communication Transformed: From Morrision to
Mandelson. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
31. O’Shaugnessy, N. (1999). ,,Political Marketing and Political Marketing,” Newman, B. (Ed.),
Handbook of Political Marketing, Sage Publications, London.
32. Plasser, F., &Plasser, G. (2002). Global Political Campaigning.United States of America.
Greenwood Publishing Group.
33. Scammel, M. (1998). The Wisdom of the Room: U.S. Campaigning and Americanization. Joan
Shorenstein Barone Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy, John F. Kennedy
School of Government, Harvard University.
34. Schiller, F. (1968). On the Aesthetic Education of Man of Man. Trans . E. Wilkinson and L.
Willoughby (eds). Oxford The Clarendon Press.
35. Swanson, D. (2005), The political Media Complex at 50. Negrine, R. and Stanyer, J. (Eds).
The Political Communication Reader. pp. 37 – 41. Retrived 15 December,
2013 http://abs.sagepub.com/content/40/8/1264.refs
36. Swanson, D.L. and Mancini, P. (1996), Politics, Media and Modern Democracy. An
International Study of Innovations in Electoral Campaigning and Their Consequences.
London: Praeger Series.
37. Sussman, J. (2006). The Myths of ,,Democracy Assistance:” U.S. Political Intervention
in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe. Monthly Review 58(7), pp. 15-29. Retrived 19
September, 2012
http://monthlyreview.org/2006/12/01/the-myths-of-democracy-assistance-u-s- political- intervention-in- post-soviet-eastern-europe/
38. Sussman, G. and Krader, S. (2008), Template Revolutions: Marketing U.S. Regime Change
in Easterm Europe. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, Vol.
5(3), University of Westminster, London. Retrived 25 September, 2013
http://colorrevolutionsandgeopolitics.blogspot.com/2011/07/template- revolutions-marketing- us.html
39. Welt, C. (2006), Georgia’s Rose Revolution: From Regime Weakeness To Regime Collapse.
Originally prepared for the ,,Waves and Troughs of Post Communist Transitions”
workshop. Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, April 28-29,
2006.
40. Wheatley, J. (2005), Georgia from national awakening to Rose Revolution: delayed transition
in former Soviet Union. Ashgate, Aldershot.
Published
2018-06-27
How to Cite
MELIKIDZE, Giorgi.
Political Consulting in Georgia (qualitative analysis of twenty years experience of multiparty election campaign).
Eastern Europe Regional Studies, [S.l.], june 2018.
ISSN 2587-456X.
Available at: <https://test.psage.tsu.ge/index.php/Easternstudies/article/view/89>. Date accessed: 25 dec. 2024.
Issue
Section
Articles
Keywords
Political Consulting, Election Campaign, Americanization, Georgia
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